GIFT  OF 


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RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT 


R.  E.ILEE. 


Prepared  for  the]State  Department  of  Education. 


Published  quarterly  by  the  Clemson  Agricultural   College, 
Clemson  College,  S.  C. 

Entered  at  the  Post  Office  at  Clemson  College,  S.  C,  as 
second  class  matter. 


Agricultural  (E0U?  g? 


VOLUME  VI  JULY,  1910  No.  3 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT 


BY 


R.  E.  LEE 


Prepared  for  the  State  Department  of  Education. 


•  ».  ; 


*..-. •'.:.. 

Published   quarterly   by   the   Clemson   Agricultural    College, 

Clemson  College,  S.  C. 

Entered  at  the  Postoffice  at  Clemson  College,  S.  C.,  as 
second  class  matter. 


V* 


V 


THE  BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF  CLEMSON 

AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE 

Life  Members. 

HON.  ALAN  JOHNSTONE,  President   ...   Nevvberry,  Newberry  Co. 

HON.   R.  W.   SIMPSON    Pendleton,  Anderson  Co. 

SENATOR  B.   R.  TILLMAN    Trenton,   Edgefield  Co. 

HON.  M.  L.  DONALDSON   Greenville,  Greenville  Co. 

HON.  J.  E.  WANNAMAKER St.  Matthews,  Orangebnrg  Co. 

HON.  W.  W.  BRADLEY   Abbeville,  Abbeville  Co. 

HON.    R.    I.    MANNING    Sumter,   Sumter  Co. 

Term  Expires  1912. 

HON.  JESSE   H.   HARDIN    Chester,   Chester  Co. 

HON.  JOHN  G.  RICHARDS,  JR., Liberty  Hill,  Kershaw  Co. 

HON.  COKE  D.  MANN   West  Union,  Oconee  Co. 

Term  Expires  1914. 

HON.  W.  D.  EVANS  Cheraw,  Marlboro  Co. 

HON.    B.    H.    RAWL    Lexington,    Lexington  Co. 

HON.  IVY  M.  MAULDIN   Pickens,  Pickens  Co. 


W.  M.  RIGGS,  E.  M.  E.,  Acting  President. 


The  Clemson  Agricultural  College  Extension  Work  Bul- 
letins are  issued  under  the  direction  of  the  Faculty  Committee 
on  Extension  Work  : 

W.*$Lr'  RIGGS,,*  :  :  .:  •  : 
J.  N."  HARPED,  •  •' 


D.  N.  BARROW, 
D.  W.  DANIEL. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT 

BY 
R.  E.  LEE 


INTRODUCTION. 

Houses  may  be  classed  among  the  great  conservative 
forces  of  civilization.  The  beginnings  of  organized  society 
may  be  traced  back  to  the  time  when  men  first  constructed 
for  themselves  permanent  places  of  abode.  The  early 
Christian  church  insured  the  perpetuity  of  its  creeds  and  its 
forms  of  worship  by  embodying  these  in  cathedrals  which 
have  endured  the  ravages  of  time,  and  have  come  down  to 
us  as  monuments  to  the  wisdom  and  zeal  of  their  builders. 

The  building  of  a  school  house  is  a  serious  business.  It 
is  a  work  which  cannot  be  done  today  and  undone  tomor- 
row. It  lasts  for  years  and  throughout  the  period  of  its  ex- 
istence may  largely  determine  the  educational  activities  of 
the  district,  and  will  either  help  or  hinder  the  whole  de- 
veloment  of  the  community. 

It  therefore  behooves  the  school  board  about  to  erect  a 
home  for  the  children  of  the  district  to  consider  carefully  and 
to  build  wisely.  They  should  remember  that  for  at  least 
six  hours  of  the  day  the  school  house  is  to  be  the  home  of 
the  rising  generation.  About  it  will  cluster  the  associa- 
tions which  will  brighten  or  cloud  the  memories  of  coming 
years.  The  experiences  connected  with  the  school  build- 
ing will  largely  influence  the  attitude  of  the  child  toward 
education  for  his  entire  life. 


251887 


WORK 

The  school  "should  be  the  most  attractive  spot  in  the 
community,  and  the  building  should  set  a  standard  for  the 
coming  citizen  in  sanitation  and  comfort.  They  say  that  in 
Switzerland  the  school  house  is  always  the  most  imposing 
edifice  in  the  village.  A  suggestive  story  is  told  of  a  Swiss 
boy,  who  was  traveling  with  his  father  in  France.  On  the 
outskirts  of  Paris  they  passed  the  palace  of  the  emperor.  It 
was  the  most  beautiful  building  the  boy  had  ever  seen.  In 
wonder  he  turned  to  his  father  and  exclaimed,  "See  the  school 
house !"  Such  an  ideal  of  the  school  house  should  become 
more  prevalent  in  South  Carolina.  To  an  increasing  extent, 
as  time  goes  by,  the  school  house  is  destined  to  become  the 
center  of  community  life.  Properly  located  and  constructed 
it  may  be  made  the  general  meeting  place  for  the  adults  as 
well  as  the  children,  and  the  center  from  which  will  radiate 
the  uplifting  social  forces  of  the  district. 

All  over  South  Carolina  we  are  engaged  in  building 
school  houses.  This  little  bulletin  is  issued  for  the  State 
Department  of  Education  by  Clemson  College  as  a  sug- 
gestive guide  to  those  charged  with  the  responsibilities  of 
construction. 

Plans  of  one-  two-  three  and  four-room  school  buildings 
are  shown,  and  Clemson  College  will  furnish  free  working 
plans  of  any  of  these  buildings  to  any  Board  of  Trustees 
which  intends  to  erect  a  building. 

This  bulletin  is  intended  to  help  the  rural  community  in 
every  legitimate  way  without  entering  into  competition  with 
architects.  Trustees  are  urgently  advised,  whenever  funds 
will  permit,  to  secure  the  services  of  a  competent  architect, 
and  in  no  case  should  a  large  building  be  erected  without 
complete  plans  and  specifications ;  and  the  architect  should  be 
employed  to  supervise  the  construction.  The  plans  shown  in 
the  back  of  this  bulletin  were  kindly  furnished  by  the  archi- 
tects named  and  show  some  of  the  modern  schools  erected  in 
the  State.  Thanks  are  extended  to  these  gentlemen,  and  to 
Messrs.  Birch  &  Harris,  of  the  drawing  division,  for  their  ef- 
ficient services  in  preparing  the  drawings  shown.  Grateful 
acknowledgements  are  made  to  Prof.  W.  K.  Tate,  State 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT;  5 

Supervisor  of  Rural  Schools,  for  copies  of  the  school  laws, 
notes  on  school  grounds  and  architecture,  and  other  valuable 
suggestions ;  also  to  Prof.  J.  E.  Swearingen,  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Education,  for  many  helpful  suggestions  and 
words  of  encouragement;  and  to  any  other  parties  who  by 
their  assistance  made  this  bulletin  possible.  All  of  the  plans 
shown  in  this  bulletin  have  been  approved  by  the  State 
Superintendent  of  Education. 

If  the  contents  of  this  book  aid  in  any  way  towards  the 
erection  of  better  school  buildings,  and  the  beautifying  of 
school  grounds,  not  only  in  the  rural  districts  but  in  the 
towns,  it  will  fulfill  its  mission. 

R.  E.  LEE, 
Associate  Prof,  of  Drawing  and  Designing. 


SCHOOL  LAWS. 

Acts  to  encourage  The  Erection  of  School  Buildings 
in  South  Carolina. 

In  order  to  encourage  and  assist  the  people  of  South 
Carolina  in  the  erection  of  adequate  public  school  buildings, 
the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  at  the 
session  of  1910,  •passed  the  following  Acts: 

An  Act  To  Encourage  and  Aid  in  the  Construction  of 
Adequate  Public  School  Buildings  in  the  Respective  Coun- 
ties of  This  State,  and  to  Make  an  Appropriation  for  Same. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of 
the  State  of  South  Carolina,  That  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
couraging and  aiding  in  the  construction  of  adequate  pub- 
lic school  buildings  in  the  different  counties  of  this  State, 
the  sum  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  is  hereby  appropriated  out 
of  the  Dispensary  funds  recently  paid  into  the  State  Treas- 
ury by  the  Winding-lip  Commission  of  the  State  Dispen- 
sary, and  the  said  sum  shall  be  used  by  the  State  Board  of 
Education  for  such  purpose. 

Section  2.  That  when  the  friends,  patrons  or  trustees 
of  any  school  district  of  any  county  of  this  State  shall  raise 
by  private  subscription,  special  tax,  regular  tax,  sale  of  old 


6  EXTENSION  WORK 

building",  issuing  bonds,  or  otherwise,  funds  for  building  a 
school  house  in  such  district,  the  State  Board  of  Education 
shall,  upon  application  duly  endorsed  by  the  County  Board 
of  -Education  in  which  the  public  school  desires  aid,  turn 
over  to  the  trustees  of  such  school  from  the  funds  set  aside 
for  such  purpose  under  this  Act,  fifty  dollars  for  each  one 
hundred  dollars  so  raised  by  such  friends,  patrons,  or  trus- 
tees for  constructing  such  school  building:  Provided.  That 
no  one  school  shall  receive  more  than  three  hundred  dollars 
under  the  provisions  of  this  Act:  Provided,  further,  That  no 
more  than  one  school  in  any  district,  in  any  one  year,  shall 
receive  such  aid:  Provided,  further,  That  in  the  case  of  the 
consolidation  of  two  or  more  schools,  an  additional  bonus  of 
fifty  dollars  may  be  granted:  And  Provided  further,  That  the 
State  Board  of  Education  shall  give  the  preference  to  school 
districts  Avhich  have  combined  and  consolidated  two  or 
more  school  buildings:  Provided,  further,  That  any  school 
district  availing  itself  of  the  provisions  of  this  Act  shall  com- 
ply with  plans  and  specifications  approved  by  the  State 
Board  of  Education. 

Section  3.  That  no  school  shall  receive  aid  under  the 
provisions  of  this  Act  without  the  approval  of  the  County 
Board  of  Education  of  the  county  in  which  said  school 
shall  be  situated. 

Section  4  That  the  funds  provided  for  in  this  Act 
shall  be  paid  out  by  the  State  Treasurer  only  upon  the  war- 
rant of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  signed  by  the  State 
Superintendent  of  Education. 

Section  5.  All  Acts  and  parts  of  Acts  inconsistent 
with  this  Act  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby,  repealed. 

Approved  the  23rd  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1910. 


An  Act  To  Amend  Sections  1  and  2  of  an  Act  Entitled 
"An  Act  to  Encourage  the  Erection  of  Adequate  Public 
School  Buildings.  "Approved  22nd  of  February  A.  D.  1905." 

Section  1.     Be  it  enacted     by  the  General     Assembly  of 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  7 

the  State  of  South  Carolina,  That  the  County  Boards  of  Edu- 
cation of  the  various  counties  of  this  State  be,  and  the  same 
are  hereby,  authorized  to  annually  set  aside  an  amount  equal 
to  five  per  cent,  of  the  entire  public  school  funds  of  their  re- 
spective counties,  which  said  amounts  shall  be  used  by  the 
said  County  Boards  of  Education  for  the  purpose  of  en- 
couraging by  aiding  in  the  construction  of  adequate  pub- 
lic school  buildings  in  their  respective  counties. 

Section  2.  That  when  the  friends,  patrons  or  trustees 
of  any  public  school  in  any  school  district  in  any  county 
in  this  State  shall  raise  by  private  subscription,  special  tax, 
regular  tax,  sale  of  old  buildings,  issuing  bonds,  or  other- 
wise, funds  for  building  a  school  house  in  such  district,  the 
County  Board  of  Education  of  such  county  shall  turn  over 
to  the  trustees  of  such  school,  from  funds  set  aside  for  such 
purpose  under  this  Act,  fifty  dollars  ($50)  for  each  one 
hundred  dollars  ($100)  so  raised  by  such  friends,  patrons  or 
trustees  for  constructing  such  school  building:  Provided,  No 
one  school  shall  receive  more  than  three  hundred  dollars 
($300)  under  the  provisions  of  this  Act:  Provided,  That  in 
case  of  the  consolidation  of  two  or  more  schools  an  additional 
bonus  of  fifty  dollars  ($50)  may  be  granted:  Provided,  fur- 
ther. That  no  more  than  one  school  in. any  one  districl,  in 
any  one  year,  shall  receive  such  aid. 

Approved  the  24th  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1910. 


Extract  from  the  Minutes  of  the  State  Board  of  Education. 
March  21,  1908. 

The  following  resolution,  offered  by  Mir.  Rice,  was 
unanimously  adopted: 

"WHEREAS  the  danger  of  loss  of  life  by  fire  is  ever 
present  in  all  our  public  schools,  now,  therefore,  be  it  re- 
solved : 

Section  1.  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Board  that  in  any 
and  all  public  school  buildings  in  this  State,  it  is  the  im- 
perative duty  of  trustees,  or  others  charged  with  the  con- 
struction of  such  buildings,  to  make  such  adequate  provisions 


8  EXTENSION  WORK 

for  the  escape  of  the  pupils  and  teachers  therefrom  in  case 
of  fire,  as  will  cover  any  and  all  contingencies  that  may  arise, 
and  this  board  recommends  that  all  doors  of  entrance  and  exit 
to  such  buildings,  as  well  as  doors  to  hallways  and  class 
rooms  be  made  to  open  outwards,  and  that  ample  fire 
escapes  from  any  upper  story  of  any  such  school  building  be 
permanently  attached  thereto  and  made  part  thereof. 

Section  2.  1  hat  in  all  public  buildings  now  in  use  in  this 
State,  not  equipped  with  the  safeguards  against  loss  of  life 
by  fire,  as  set  out  in  Section  1  hereof,  that  it  is  the  imperative, 
duty  of  the  trustees  of  such  schools  to  provide  such  safe- 
guards without  delay. 

Section  3.  That  this  Board  further  recommends  that 
fire  drills  be  practiced  at  least  one  a  month  in  all  our  schools, 
and  that  the  teachers  and  superintendents  of  said  schools  be 
requested  to  carry  out  this  recommendation. 

Section  4.  That  copies  of  this  resolution  be  sent  to  the 
various  city  and  county  superintendents  of  education  of  this 
State  for  distribution  among  the  trustees  of  the  various 
schools  of  the  State." 

Steps  in  Securing  County  and  State  Aid  in  the  Erection  of 
School  Buildings. 

First — The  district  trustees  should  secure  a  clear  title  to 
the  school  lot  and  have  this  recorded. 

Second — The  plan  of  the  building  should  be  approved  by 
the  county  board  of  education.  When  this  approval  has  been 
granted,  the  county  superintendent  will  forward  this  plan  to 
the  State  Department  for  similar  examination  and  approval. 
Adoption  of  any  plan  suggested  in  the  school  building  bul- 
letin, issued  by  Clemson  College,  can  be  indicated  by  the 
number  printed  in  the  bulletin,  and  will  insure  approval  by  the 
school  authorities. 

Third — A  formal  application  blank  furnished  by  the 
State  Department  should  be  filled  out  by  the  county  super 
intendent  and  the  chairman  of  the  district  board  for  filing  in 
the  office  of  the, State  Superintendent  of  Education. 

Fourth — Any  money  raised  by  private  subscription  and 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  9 

to  be  used  as  a  basis  for  State  and  County  aid,  should  be  dej 
posited  with  the  county  treasurer  to  the  credit  of  the  school 

trustees. 


NEW  "  STATE  FLAG"  ACT. 

An  Act  to  Provide  for  the  Display  of  the  State  Flag  Over 
Public  Buildings: 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
South  Carolina : 

Section  1.  That  the  State  flag  shall  be  displayed  daily, 
except  in  rainy  weather,  from  a  staff  upon  the  State  House 
and  every  Court  House,  one  building  of  the  State  University 
and  of  each  State  college,  and  upon  every  public  school  build- 
ing, except  when  the  school  is  closed  during  vacation. 

Section  2.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  officer  or  of- 
ficers in  charge  of  said  buildings  to  purchase  suitable  flags 
and  cause  them  to  be  displayed,  the  expense  to  be  borne  out 
of  the  funds  provided  for  maintenance. 

Section  3.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  Clemson  College 
to  manufacture  in  its  textile  department  and  sell  at  approxi- 
mate cost  flags  of  suitable  sizes  and  correct  design,  which 
shall  consist  of  blue,  with  white  increscent  in  the  upper  flag- 
staff corner,  and  white  palmetto  tree  in  the  centre;  as  pre- 
scribed in  the  resolution  adopted  by  the  General  Assembly, 
January  28,  1861,  to  be  approved  by  the  secretary  of  the  his- 
torical commission. 

Section  4.     That  any  person  who  mutilates,  injures  or 


10  EXTENSION  WORK 

desecrates  the  flag  of  the  State  wherever  displayed,  as  above 
provided,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  upon  convic- 
tion shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  more  than  one  hun- 
dred dollars,  or  imprisonment  for  not  more  than  thirty  days. 
Approved  the  26th  day  of  February,  A.  D.  1910. 


THE  SCHOOL  GROUNDS  AND  SCHOOL 
ARCHITECTURE. 

The  School  Site. 

The  school  should  be  located  as  near  as  possible  to  the 
center  of  the  district.  It  should  be  accessible  to  the  prin- 
cipal public  highway,  but  far  enough  removed  from  it  to  be 
free  from  dust  and  distractions.  Where  a  consolidated  dis- 
trict provides  transportation  for  its  more  distant  pupils,  it 
is  sometimes  best  to  place  the  building  nearer  to  one  end  of 
the  district,  so  that  the  pupils  from  that  section  may  walk 
to  school,  leaving  only  the  distant  pupils  from  the  other  sec- 
tion to  be  transported. 

A  school  lot  should  never  be  less  than  one  acre,  and 
the  wise  school  board  will  secure  school  grounds  containing 
three  or  four  acres.  With  a  four-acre  tract  it  is  possible  to  have 
an  athletic  field  and  space  for  a  school  garden. 

The  best  shape  for  a  one-acre  lot  is  10  rods  front  by  16 
rods  deep ;  for  a  two-acre  tract  16  rods  front  by  20  rods 
deep;  and  for  a  four  acre  tract  20  rods  front  by  32  deep. 

The  lot  selected  for  a  school  house  should  be  well 
drained,  but  not  so  rolling  as  to  cause  troublesome  washing. 
Parts  of  it  should  be  level  enough  to  furnish  satisfactory 
play  grounds  and  athletic  field. 

In  some  sections  it  has  been  the  custom  to  place  the 
school  house  on  the  least  fertile  spot  in  the  district.  With 
the  advent  of  the  school  garden  it  is  desirable  that  a  more 
fertile  soil  should  be  selected. 

Under  the  laws  of  South  Carolina  the  ground  on  which 
the  school  house,  is  built  must  be  the  property  of  the  trus- 
tees. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  11 

Location  of  Buildings  on  the  Lot. 

If  the  lot  selected  has  the  shape  above  indicated,  it  is 
best  to  place  the  building  so  that  the  school  yard  left  back 
of  it  is  a  square.  This  gives  a  large  back  yard  for  play 
grounds,  and  front  and  side  yards  large  enough  for  flowers, 
shrubbery,  and  a  school  garden.  The  school  garden  should 
never  be  allowed  to  trespass  upon  the  play  ground  space. 

If  the  school  yard  is  small,  the  privies  for  boys  and 
girls  should  be  placed  in  the  extreme  back  corners,  and 
should  be  screened  by  high  board  screens  which  should  be 
covered  with  vines.  If  the  yard  is  large  the  privies  should 
be  placed  on  the  sides  of  the  lot  at  a  convenient  distance 
from  the  school  house,  and  the  rear  may  then  be  reserved  for 
a  ball  ground  or  athletic  field. 

It  is  frequently  desirable  to  provide  stalls  for  horses  at 
the  school  building.  These,  too,  should  be  placed  on  the 
rear  of  the  lot,  and  a  screen  of  vines  should  cover  the  walls. 

Trees  should  be  planted  around     the  entire  school  lot, 
and  it  should  also  be  enclosed  by  a  good  fence. 
The  School  Building. 

The  adaption  of  the  school  room  to  its  purposes,  and 
not  the  external  appearance,  should  determine  the  architec- 
ture. The  school  room  is  the  unit  in  all  school  house  con- 
struction. This  room  should  embody  certain  essential  prin- 
ciples, and  should  not  vary  widely  from  the  standard  de- 
scribed below. 

The  number  of  these  standard  school  rooms  in  a  build- 
ing will  be  determined  by  the  size  of  the  school  to  be  ac- 
commodated, and  the  finish  and  architectural  adornment  will 
depend  on  the  taste  of  the  community  and  the  money  at  the 
disposal  of  the  trustees.  It  is  possible  to  embody  the  es- 
sential principles  of  good  school  construction  in  a  very  in- 
expensive building,  or  in  a  very  elaborate  one. 
The  Standard  Class  Room. 

The  class  room  for  the  average  class  should  be  24  by  32 
feet,  and  13  feet  high. 

Whenever  possible,    the   building   should   be    placed    so 


12  EXTENSION  WORK 

that  the  principal  light  will  come  from  the  East  or  North. 
This  avoids  the  direct  glare  from  the  sun. 

The  windows  should  be  placed  on  the  long  side  of  tne 
room,  and  on  the  left  side  of  the  pupils.  They  should  fre 
close  together,  so  as  to  avoid  cross  lights  and  shadows.  The 
front  window  on  the  side  should  not  be  placed  beyond  the 
front  row  of  desks,  and  the  rear  window  should  be  near  the 
rear  wall.  No  class  room  should  have  windows  on  opposite 
sides.  It  is  better  to  have  the  light  come  from  the  left  side 
of  the  pupils  only.  There  should  be  no  windows  to  the 
front  or  on  the  right  of  the  pupils.  Windows  placed  in  the 
rear  should  either  be  transom  windows  above  the  black- 
board, or  should  be  provided  with  shades  to  protect  the  eye- 
sight of  the  teacher.  Since  the  best  light  comes  from  above 
the  heads  of  the  pupils,  the  tops  of  the  windows  should  be 
within  six  inches  of  the  ceiling.  The  area  of  the  glass  in 
the  class  room  should  be  one-fifth  to  one-fourth  the  floor 
space.  The  room  24  by  32  feet  should  have  at  least  150 
square  feet  of  window  space.  This  would  mean  five  windows 
eight  feet  high  and  three  feet  wide  banked  on  the  left  side, 
and  two  such  windows  in  the  rear.  All  window  sash  should 
be  hung  on  pulleys. 

The  class  room  which  has  just  been  described  differs 
widely  from  the  one  usually  seen  in  South  Carolina.  We  p^e 
all  familiar  with  the  ordinary  type.  The  designer  of  this 
typical  school  building  seems  to  have  had  just  one  object  in 
view,  and  that  was  to  get  the  same  number  of  windows  on 
each  side  of  the  house.  The  best  school  architects  of  the 
United  States  now  have  courage  to  leave  blank  walls  in 
handsome  city  school  buildings. 

In  the  construction  of  the  school  house,  we   must  con- 
-   sider  the  use  of  the  room  inside,  and  not  our  conceptions  of 
exterior  symmetry.  The  plans  which  follow  in  this  pamphlet 
will    show   how  this  standard    school    room    can    be    worked 
into  a  building  which  is  also  presentable  on  the  outside. 
Window  Shades. 

The  best  shade  for  a  school  room  is  one  which  rolls 
from  the  bottom  on  a  spring  roller  with  handle  attached 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  13 

and  which  is  hung  on  a  cord  running  through  a  stop  pulley 
at  the  top  of  the  window.  Such  a  shade  may  be  placed  in  any 
position  on  the  window. 

Blackboards. 

Blackboards  4<S  inches  wide  should  be  placed  on  all  walls 
where  there  are  no  windows.  They  should  be  placed  28 
inches  from  the  floor  in  ungraded  rural  schools.  All  boards 
should  be  provided  with  ample  chalk  rails  for  holding  cray- 
on and  erasers. 

The  most  economical  material  for  blackboards  in  the 
ordinary  school  is  the  woodpulp  composition  board,  now 
manufactured  under  various  names.  This  may  be  had  in 
convenient  lengths,  and  is  durable  and  easy  to  put  in  place. 
The  dark  green  board  is  very  agreeable  to  the  eyes.  The 
writing  surface  of  this  board  may  be  renwed  by  an  applica- 
tion of  liquid  slating.  A  fairly  good  cheap  substitute  for  this 
board  may  be  made  by  gluing  two  or  three  thicknesses  of 
strong  manilla  paper  upon  a  smooth  plastered  wall  and 
giving  it  two  or  three  coats  of  liquid  slating. 

In  the  front  of  each  class  room  should  be  a  movable 
platform  five  by  six  feet  and  six  inches  high  for  the  teachers 
desk  and  chair.  This  platform  gives  the  teacher  a  better 
command  of  the  class  during  general  exercises  and  study 
periods. 

Library  Cases. 

Near  the  teacher's  platform,  or  in  some  other  conven- 
ient place  in  the  class  room,  a  book  case  with  glass  doors 
and  with  locker  underneath  should  be  built  in  the  wall. 
This  should  be  provided  with  lock  and  key. 

The  Floor. 

The  floor  of  the  school  room  should  be  double  and  air- 
tight, tlie  lower  lloor  being  laid  diagonally,  and  the  top 
floor  tono-ued  and  grooved,  with  building  paper  between,  and 
should  be  stained  with  a  dark  oil  stain.  Much  sickness,  dis- 
comfort, and  poor  work  in  school  are  caused  by  defective 
floors.  The  entire  exterior  of  the  building  should  be  cov- 
e-red with  storm  sheathing,  nailed  diagonally;  on  top  of  which 
is  nailed  the  weather  boarding,  with  building  paper  be- 


14  EXTENSION  WORK 

tween.  The  double  floor  and  sheathing  will  make  the  building 
much  more  comfortable  and  will  make  quite  a  reduction  in 
the  fuel  bill. 

Heat  and  Ventilation. 

This  subject  has  never  received  sufficient  attention  in 
the  rural  school.  The  ordinary  heating  apparatus  of  these 
schools  consists  of  a  square  box  stove,  placed  in  the  center  of 
the  room,  from  which  heat  is  received  by  the  pupils  through 
direct  radiation.  This  usually  means  that  pupils  seated 
near  the  stove  are  too  hot,  and  that  those  distant  from  it  are 
too  cold.  Its  position  in  the  center  of  the  room  interferes 
seriously  with  the  heating  arrangement. 

A  slightly  greater  investment  will  secure  for  the  school 
a  jacketed  stove  which  heats  the  room  by  producing  a  cir- 
culation of  warmed  air  through  all  parts  of  it.  The  prin- 
ciple of  this  stove  is  very  simple.  The  cold  air  is  taken 
through  a  pipe  from  outside  of  the  building,  and  is  carried 
through  or  under  the  sheet  iron  into  contact  with  the  hot 
stove  on  the  inside.  It  is  there  heated,  rises  to  the  ceiling, 
and  settles  down  over  the  entire  room,  producing  a  uniform 
temperature.  As  the  impure  air  in  the  room  settles  to  the 
floor,  it  is  forced  up  through  a  pipe  or  wall  register  into  a 
section  of  the  flue,  and  carried  from  the  building.  This 
stove  may  be  placed  in  the  corner  of  the  room,  and  does  not 
necessarily  break  up  the  seating  arrangement.  The  jacket 
prevents  undue  heat  for  the  pupils  seated  near  the  stove. 

There  are  a  number  of  patented  stoves  of  this  type  which 
are  said  to  be  very  satisfactory,  two  of  which  are  shown.  A 
tinner  or  blacksmith,  however,  can  very  easily  make  a  tin, 
zinc,  or  sheet  iron  jacket  for  the  ordinary  stove,  which  will 
be  very  satisfactory.  The  jacket  should  extend  at  least 
eight  inches  above  the  stove,  and  should,  of  course,  be  pro- 
vided with  a  door,  which  may  be  opened  for  putting  fuel  in 
the  stove.  The  cold  air  may  be  brought  to  the  stove 
through  a  grated  opening  in  the  floor  within  the  jacket,  to 
which  a  duct  two  feet  square,  or  equivalent,  leads  from  un- 
der the  floor  outside  of  the  building.  The  exit  of  the  im- 
pure air  should  always  be  placed  near  the  floor,  and  the 
smoke  flue  and  the  ventilating  flue  should  be  placed  side  by 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  15 

side,  so  that  the  heat  from  the  first  may  assist  in  causing  the 
draft  essential  to  satisfactory  ventilation  through  the  sec- 
ond. If  this  opening  is  placed  near  the  ceiling,  the  air 
warmed  in  the  jacket  will  pass  out  of  the  room  immediately 
without  settling.  An  old  fashioned  open  fire  place  makes  a 
good  ventilating  shaft  and  may  also  be  used  to  supplement 
the  store  in  extremely  cold  weather.  The  temperature  of  the 
school  room  should  be  kept  between  68  and  70  degress.  The 
windows  should  be  opened  and  the  room  thoroughly  aired 
at  recess  and  at  the  close  of  the  school  session.  30  cubic 
feet  of  air  per  minute  per  pupil,  or  1800  per  hour  is  the  ac- 
cepted standard  for  school  room  ventilation.  The  Clemson 
authorities  will  be  glad  to  furnish  information  on  other  sys- 
tems of  heating  and  ventilation  to  any  parties  requesting  it. 

Seating. 

A  room  24  by  32  will  easily  seat  48  pupils  in  single 
desks.  The  initial  cost  of  single  desk  seating  is  greater  than 
that  of  double  desks,  but  this  is  more  than  balanced  by  the 
better  order  and  discipline  made  possible  by  the  single  desks. 
The  desks  in  such  a  school  room  will  be  arranged  in  six  rows, 
each  containing  one  "front",  one  "rear",  and  seven  "com- 
pletes". School  desks  are  made  in  standard  sizes,  and  are 
numbered  from  No.  6,  the  very  smallest  desk,  adapted  to 
kindergarten  and  primary  pupils,  to  No.  1,  made  for  college 
students. 

For  a  one-room  country  school  with  48  pupils  there 
would  be  needed  two  rows  of  No.  5,  two  rows  of  No.  4,  and 
one  row  each  of  No.  3  and  No.  2.  In  an  ungraded  school 
two  No.  4.  recitation  benches  six  feet  long  should  be  pn> 
vided.  For  a  larger  school,  desks  should  be  ordered  in  about 
this  same  proportion  of  sizes. 

The  desks  of  the  numbers  given  above  vary  in  height 
and  size  of  top,  and  the  size  should  determine  the  distance 
between  backs  as  they  are  placed  upon  the  floor.  The 
spacing  distance  from  back  to  back  for  a  No.  5  is  22  inches 
for  No.  4  is  24  inches,  for  No.  3  26  inches,  and  for  a  No.  2 
28  inches.  Any  attempt  to  place  desks  of  varying  sizes  In 
line  across  the  room  will  necessitate  improper  posture  by 


16  EXTENSION  WORK 

the  occupants  of  some  of  them.  Especial  care  stiould  be 
taken  to  see  that  desks  are  properly  put  together.  This  will 
double  the  life  of  the  desk. 

Many  school  authorities  prefer  to  screw  the  desks  to  one 
and  one  half  by  three  inch  strips,  instead  of  fastening  them 
to  the  floor.  The  rows  are  then  easily  moved  for  cleaning  the 
floor  or  for  convenient  seating  when  two  or  more  rooms  are 
thrown  into  an  auditorium.  The  aisles  should  be  about  two 
feet  wide,  and  a  broad  aisle  should  be  left  all  around  the 
school  room. 

The  cost  of  seating  a  room  with  the  best  desks,  accord- 
ing to  the  above  specifications,  should  be  about  $115.00  at 
the  factory.  A,  price  list  of  school  seatings  and  equipment 
furnished  by  reliable  companies  is  on  file  in  the  office  of  the 
State  Superintendent  of  Education,  with  the  State  Super- 
visor of  Elementary  Rural  Schools,  and  with  the  Drawing 
and  Designing  Division  of  Clemson  College;  and  from  these 
sources,  or  from  reliable  dealers,  boards  of  trustees  may  se- 
cure all  neccessary  information.  There  are  great  differences 
in  the  quality  of  school  desks.  It  is  always  poor  economy  to 
purchase  a  poor  desk  at  any  price.  The  cheap  all  wood 
desk,  sometimes  sold  in  South  Carolina,  should  especially  be 
avoided. 

The  Tinting  of  the  Walls. 

The  beauty  and  attractiveness  of  the  school  room  will 
depend  largely  on  the  painting  and  the  tinting  of  the  walls. 
This  subject  is  usually  very  much  neglected  in  South  Caro- 
lina. The  glaring  white  walls,  and  deep  blues,  yellows 
and  reds  should  be  avoided.  For  rooms  where  the  lighting 
is  not  the  best,  a  cream  is  desirable.  In  general  the  best 
color  for  the  school  room  is  green.  The  wainscoting  and 
woodwork  should  be  a  deep  olive,  the  walls  up  to  the  pict 
ure  moulding  a  sage  green,  and  the  ceiling  a  lighter  stone 
green.  All  inside  coloring  should  be  "dull  finish".  For  the 
woodwork  the  green  stain  and  a  "wax  finish"  is  the  cheap- 
est as  well  as  the  best.  An  inferior  grade  of  lumber  can  be 
used  on  the  interior  if  well  painted.  All  interior  woodwork 
should  be  flat  and  plain,  and  all  deep  cut  moulding  avoided  as 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT        17 

far  as  practicable.  These  mouldings  catch  dust  and  are  dif- 
ficult to  keep  clean.  A  picture  moulding  should  be  put  on  the 
walls  of  the  room  about  18  inches  below  the  ceiling.  A 
good  finish  can  be  gotten  by  wainscoting  the  space  around 
the  room  below  the  blackboard  level,  although  this  is  not  as 
sanitary  or  desirable  as  the  plaster  and  baseboard.  A  san- 
itary finish  can  be  obtained  by  omitting  all  wood  casing 
around  the  windows,  and  plastering  the  corner  round  against 
the  window  frame,  and  using  a  very  narrow  baseboard  and 
few  mouldings.  The  plastering  should  have  a  very  fine  sand 
finish. 

Cloak  Rooms. 

It  is  very  unsanitary  to  pile  hats  and  wraps  promiscous- 
ly  in  the  corner  of  the  class  room,  or  to  allow  wet  coats  and 
umbrellas  to  dry  out  in  the  room  occupied  by  the  pupils. 
Every  classroom  in  a  school  building  should  be  provided 
with  a  cloak  room  adjacent  to  it  sufficiently  large  to  ac- 
commodate the  hats  and  cloaks  of  the  occupants.  It  should  be 
provided  with  shelves  and  two  rows  of  hooks  for  hats  and 
coats.  It  should  in  all  cases  have  outside  ventilation  by  win- 
dows. 

Fuel  and  Work  Room. 

Every  school  building  should  have  a  room  convenient  in 
which  fuel  can  be  stored.  A  pile  of  wood  in  the  room  itself 
does  not  contribute  to  an  orderly  class  room. 

The  best  schools  everywhere  are  recognizing  the  fact 
that  there  are  many  exercises  other  than  study  and  recitation 
from  the  text  books  of  the  course  which  can  be  profitably 
conducted  in  connection  with  the  rural  school. 

In  the  city  schools  manual  training  is  now  recognized  as 
a  subject  worthy  of  a  place  in  the  curriculum.  For  the 
country  boy  the  varied  exercises  of  the  home  and  farm  may 
take  the  place  to  some  extent  of  the  formal  manual  training 
course.  Nevertheless,  we  believe  that  in  every  country 
school  there  should  be  the  ordinary  tools  of  the  country 
home,  such  as  the  hammer  and  nails,  brace  and  bit,  paint  and 
brushes,  saw,  axe,  and  plane ;  and  the  boy  should  be  en- 
couraged to  use  them  in  making  the  school  house  and 


& 


18  EXTENSION  WORK 

grounds  more  comfortable  and  attractive.  An  admirable  be- 
ginning for  a  school  improvement  league  among  the  children 
of  a  district  would  be  the  acquisition  of  a  few  school  tools 
and  a  little  lumber,  coupled  with  a  few  suggestions  from  the 
teacher  as  to  desirable  repairs  and  improvements  in  the 
building  and  surroundings. 

Auditorium. 

As  the  school  becomes  more  and  more  the  center  of 
community  life,  the  school  auditorium  will  become  more  im- 
portant and  necessary  as  a  part  of  the  school  building.  When 
the  finances  of  a  district  will  not  allow  the  construction  of 
a  separate  auditorium,  it  is  possible  to  arrange  the  building 
so  that  two  rooms  may  be  thrown  into  one  when  the  occa- 
sion demands.  If  the  desks  are  not  screwed  to  the  floor,  but 
are  attached  to  strips,  as  indicated  above,  they  may  be  easily 
shifted  so  as  to  face  in  one  direction  when  desired.  If  the 
teacher's  platforms  are  movable,  they,  too  may  be  shifted  to 
form  a  temporary  stage.  In  the  plans  are  presented  drawings 
of  a  two-room  school  house  so  arranged  that  the  rooms  may 
easily  be  thrown  together  in  this  way. 

The  Equipment  of  the  School  Room. 

The  school  room  should  contain  the  accessories  named 
below  as  a  minimum  equipment  for  good  work : 

1.  A  commodious  teacher's  desk  with  drawer  and  locker. 

2.  A  comfortable  teacher's  chair  and    two     extra    chairs 
for  visitors. 

3.  A  call  bell. 

4.  A  box  of  good  crayon,  and  a  dozen  wool-felt  erasers. 

5.  Two  or  three  blackboard  pointers. 

6.  A  good  set  of  maps,  including  political   maps  of  the 
World,  the  United  States,  North  America,  Europe,  Asia,  and 
Africa,  and  a  physical    map  of    North  America.     It  is     most 
economical  in  the  end  to  buy  these  maps  in  the  steel  case 
mounting. 

7.  A  good  medium  priced   12-inch   globe. 

8.  A  good  dictionary. 

9.  A  clock. 

10.  A  thermometer. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  19 

In  addition  to  these  the  school  should  gradually  acquire 
sets  of  weights  and  measures,  charts  to  assist  in  the  teaching 
of  the  school  subjects,  and  other  auxiliaries  suggested  by  the 
teacher.  The  skillful  teacher  and  responsive  pupils  will 
gradually  develop  a  school  museum  which  will  greatly  enrich 
the  work. 

The  School  Library. 

The  days  have  passed  when  it  is  necessary  to  make  any 
argument  for  a  school  library  in  South  Carolina.  Every 
school  will  make  provision  for  its  library,  and  will  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  generous  offer  of  assistance  in  securing  books 
made  by  the  law  of  the  the  State.  A  copy  of  this  law  and 
the  list  of  books  adopted  by  the  State  Board  of  Education 
may  be  had  by  addressing  the  State  Superintendent  of  Edu- 
cation. 

School  Room  Decoration. 

A  school  room  arranged  and  equipped  as  described  above, 
kept  clean,  and  occupied  by  an  enthusiastic  teacher  and  busy 
interested  children,  will  require  very  little  decoration  to  com 
plete  it.  Avoid  especially  burdening  the  walls  with  cheap 
pictures.  The  penny  pictures  have  their  uses,  but  they  are 
not  intended  to  be  pasted  in  "bunches"  on  the  school  walls. 
A  few  good  pictures,  which  appeal  to  the  understanding  of  the 
children,  framed  in  good  taste  and  hung  artistically,  will  do 
more  to  cultivate  the  aesthetic  sense  of  the  pupils  than  a  mass 
of  cheap  reproductions  of  the  "masters",  or  even  good  pict- 
ures above  the  comprehension  of  children. 

Doors. 

All  exterior  doors  should  open  outward,  and  the  janitor 
should  be  required  to  keep  the  doors  unbarred  and  unlocked 
while  school  is  in  session.  It  is  best  for  the  class  room  doors 
to  open  inwards  so  the  teacher  can  have  control  over  her  pu- 
pils in  case  of  panic.  All  entrances  should  be  wide  and  be  pro- 
vided with  a  porch  or  vestibule  so  children  can  find  shelter  if 
they  come  before  school  is  opened. 

Corridors  and  Stairways. 

In  schools  of  more  than  two  rooms  the  corridors  should 
be  at  least  ten  feet  wide.  The  stairways  should  be  at  least 


20  EXTENSION  WORK 

five  feet  wide,  and  the  flights  should  be  broken  by  landings 
whenever  this  is  possible.  Winding  stairways,  sharp  turns, 
irregular  treads,  and  steep  ascents  should  of  course  be 
avoided. 

Exterior  Painting. 

No  school  house  should  be  considered  as  complete  until 
the  whole  exterior  has  been  given  three  good  coats  of  good 
lead  and  oil  paint.  This  not  only  adds  to  the  beauty  of  the 
building  but  prolongs  its  life  as  well.  In  selecting  the  paint, 
glaring  colors  should  be  avoided  and  neutral  tints  selected. 
Good  taste  in  the  selection  of  colors  and  harmonious  trim- 
mings will  make  the  school  building  contribute  to  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  aesthetic  taste  of  the  whole  community.  Good 
results  can  be  gotten  by  the  use  of  stained  shingles  on  the 
sides  of  the  building. 

The  roof  shingles  should  be  given  a  coat  of  creosote 
stain. 

Remodeling  Old  Buildings. 

It  is  frequently  possible  to  remodel  an  unsatisfactory 
building  at  a  comparatively  small  cost.  Among  the  plans 
which  follow  in  this  bulletin  is  one  suggesting  a  way  in 
which  the  rural  school  of  the  box  type  may  be  greatly  im- 
proved. 

Suggestions  for  remodeling  old  buildings     will  be  given 
by  the  Division  of  Drawing  and  Designing  of  Clemson  Col 
lege  to  any  trustees  who  will  send  sketches  of  the  old  build- 
ing. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  21 

THE  SCHOOL  WATER  SUPPLY. 
(By  C.  F.  Williams,  M.  D.,  Secretary  State  Board  of  Health.) 

In  the  equipment  of  a  school  building  no  single  factor 
•Is  of  more  vital  importance  than  the  quality  of  water  to  be 
supplied.  Good  water  is  absolutely  essential  to  the  main- 
tenance of  life  and  health,  and  in  locating  a  school  building, 
this  fact  should  always  be  borne  in  mind. 

Inasmuch  as  the  quality  of  water  is  affected  by  various 
circumstances  in  different  localities,  it  is  impossible,  in  the 
absence  of  an  examination,  to  determine  beforehand  the 
quality  of  water,  and  as  the  only  means  of  safety,  we  urge 
that  all  supplies  be  examined  both  chemically  and  bacteriolog- 
ically  before  their  use  is  permitted.  If  the  water  is  found 
potable  on  examination,  then  it  is  within  the  province  and 
the  duty  of  the  school  authorities  to  see  that  it  is  kept  pure. 

The  purity  of  well  water  depends  largely  upon  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  well  is  constructed  and  the  precautions  ex- 
ercised to  prevent  its  pollution.  The  accompanying  cuts  il- 
lustrate to  some  extent  how  water  may  be  polluted,  and 
lm\v,  in  the  construction  of  a  well  ,  pollution  may  be  avoided. 
Driven  wells  when  of  sufficient  depth,  fitted  with  thread  and 
screw  joints  are  safe,  but  open  wells  near  the  surface  should 
not  be  permitted,  as  they  afford  a  means  of  entrance  for  sur- 
face water. 

In  certain  localities  in  the  State,  Artesian  wells  are  pre- 
ferable to  shallow  surface  wells,  as  the  latter  are  always  in 
danger  of  pollution  through  seepage. 

When  springs  are  used  they  should  be  boxed  in  with  ce- 
ment walls  and  covered  so  as  to  prevent  surface  pollution.  A 
pipe  or  through  spill  way  should  be  set  in  the  wall,  so  that 
the  spring  will  not  be  polluted  by  children  dipping  their  hands 
into  it  when  getting  water. 


A  pure  water  supply  is  one  of  nature's  greatest  blessings.  To 
pollute  it  with  disease  germs  means  sickness,  suffering  and  often- 
times death.  Well  water  in  the  country  and  small  villages  is,  as  a 
rule,  pure  when  the  well  is  of  sufficient  depth  and  properly  constructed 
and  its  pollution  is  usually  due  to  our  ignorance  or  carelessness. 

How  often  have  you  seen  the  picture?  The  woman  here  repre- 
sented is  washing  bed  linen  and  clothing  of  a  typhoid  fever  patient. 
She  handles  the  clothes,  gets  her  hands  covered  with  the  germs,  then 
practically  washes  them  in  the  well  in  the  act  of  drawing  water,  in- 
nocent, of  course,  of  the  danger. 

Such  a  well  can  also  become  contaminated  from  surface  wash- 
ings. 


A  well  properly  located,  of  sufficient  depth,  and  constructed  like 
this  one  will  hardly  become  polluted  except  through  the  under- 
ground current. 


24  EXTENSION  WORK 

THE  SCHOOL  PRIVY. 


Of  equally  as  great  importance  in  the  sanitary  appoint- 
ments of  a  school  is  the  toilet  and  its  location,  for  the  purity 
of  our  water  supply  depends  almost  wholly  on  whether  or  not 
privy  deposits  have  access  to  it.  The  toilets  should,  there- 
fore, be  located  at  such  a  point  that  drainage  is  away  from 
the  water  supply,  so  that,  should  there  be  any  pollution  of  the 
soil,  the  well  or  spring  will  not  be  in  danger  of  surface  wash- 
ings. 

The  privy  should  be  properly  constructed  and  cared  for. 
This  feature  of  sanitation  in  our  homes,  much  less  our 
schools,  has  been  too  long  neglected.  No  single  factor  exists 
in  our  State  that  constitutes  the  menace  to  the  health  of  our 
people  that  is  found  in  the  privy  now  in  use. 

Many  diseases,  as  typhoid  fever,  hookworm,  Asiatic  chol- 
era, dysentery  and  diarrhoea  diseases  are  directly  and  in- 
directly products  of  the  unsanitary  toilet. 

To  illustrate  the  need  of  replacing  the  unsanitary  toilet 
with  one  that  is  sanitary,  we  are  here  contrasting  the  two.  We 
are  also  showing  the  plan  for  constructing  a  sanitary  privy, 
and  giving  bill  of  lumber  for  same. 

As  the  cost  of  the  material  varies  in  different  localities, 
we  cannot  give  accurately  the  cost  of  such  a  building,  but  it 
is  safe  to  say  that  ft  can  be  constructed  for  $15.00. 

In  estimating  the  number  of  seats  for  toilets  for  school 
buildings,  one  seat  should  be  provided  for  the  first  fifteen  pu- 
pils, and  one  additional  for  each  additional  fifteen  pupils,  or 
any  fraction  thereof. 

Separate  buildings  and  widely  separated,  if  possible, 
should,  of  course,  be  provided  for  boys  and  girls.  Each 
seat  should  be  partitioned  off,  as  shown  in  the  drawing. 

When  a  sanitary  privy  is  constructed,  it  should  then 
receive  such  care  as  will  keep  it  sanitary.  The  buckets  should 
be  filled  one-third  full  of  a  10  per  cent,  solution  of  crude  car- 
bolic acid,  and  when  about  two-thirds  full,  should  be  emptied 
— the  contents  being  buried  at  least  two  hundred  yards  from 
a  well,  spring  or  stream  of  water.  Privy  deposit  should  not 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  2S 

be  used  as  a  fertilizer,  unless     disinfected    beforehand,  and 

under  no  circumstances  should    it  be  used  as  a  fertilizer  for 
vegetables. 


A  privy  of  this  kind  not  only  serves  as  a  breeding  place  for  flies, 
but  is  a  source  from  which  typhoid  fever,  hookworm  disease  and  other 
diseases  .frequently  spread.  We  have  learned  that  no  greater  danger 
threatens  the  health,  happiness  and  prosperity  of  our  homes  than 
the  unsanitary  privy,  for  which  there  is  no  excuse. 


This  kind  of  privy,  while  not  as  sanitary  as  sewerage  will  if 
properly  constructed  and  kept,  minimize  the  danger  of  spreading 
disease  to  such  an  extent  that  it  may  be  called  a  sanitary  privy.  In 
its  construction  it  should  be  made  fly  proof,  ventilated  as  shown  in 
the  cut,  and  elevated  off  the  ground,  so  as  to  keep  the  earth  dry 
and  prevent  the  breeding  of  rats. 


RURAL  SCHOOL  IMPROVEMENT  27 

BILL  OF  LUMBER  FOR  PRIVY. 

2  PCS.  4x4x7  corner  posts 

2  "  4x4x6 

4     "     2x4x8  rafters 

4     "     2x4x7  sills 

4     "     2x4x5    " 

4     "     2x4x5  joists 

2     "     2x4x8  plates 

2     "     2x4x5  1  -2  plates 

2  2x4x5  1-2  nailing  strips 

2     "     2x4x8 

2  2x4x14  guides  and  supports  for  seat 

4  "     1  1-2x2x3x10  sheathing 
60  Ft.  B.  M.  flooring  T.  and  G. 
22  PCS.  1x10x16  siding  and  top 

24  1-2x2x16  siding,  and  top  strips 

1  PC.  1  1-8x18x8  for  seat— dressed 

2  PCS.  7-8x12x12  for  seat  flaps 

30  Ft.  R.  M.  flooring  for  doors— 12  f.  length 

20    "      "     "  "      front  of  seat 

2  hooks  and  eyes  for  flap  door 

2  Pr.  hinges  for  doors  on  rear 

2  Pr.  spring  hinges  for  front  doors ' 

2  Pr.  hinges  for  flaps  on  seat 

5  Lbs.  20  penny  nails 
5     "       8      "          " 

1  Yard  gauze  wire 

2  14-quart  galv.  iron  buckets  12  in.  high. 


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FIG.  A. 

Fig.  A  shows  front  of  Old  Dominion  system,     with  door     E  open, 

showing  heater  inside. 
D  Galvanized  reinforced  iron  drum. 
F  Register   handle   regulating  the   rupply   of    fresh    a'r   under    the 

heater. 

B  Stove  pipe. 
C  Foul  duct  or  pipe,  running  at  an  angle  of  45  degress  connecting 

with 
A  Combined  smoke  and  foul  air  air  pipe,  having  the  same  capacity 

of  pipes  B  &  C  combined. 


FIG.  B. 

Showing  operation  of  Old  Dominion  System. — The  manufactur- 
ers claim  the  Old  Dominion  System,  shown  in  Figs.  A  and  U,  is  best 
because, 

It  warms  the  room  with  pure  fresh  air,  and  combines  a  duct  or 
pipe  to  exhaust  the  vitiated  or  foul  air;  no  other  system  does  this 

It  does  not  require  a  separate  independent  foul  air  flue  of  brick 
or  metal;  all  other  systems  do. 

It  is  simple,  easy  to  set  up,  and  easy  to  regulate,  all  other  sys- 
tems are  complicated. 

It  does  not  clog  with  soot  and  rot  out,  requiring  expensive  ex- 
perts to  repair;  other  systems  do. 

It  draws  the  foul  or  vitiated  air  from  flopr  of  room  by.  Synhon 
Suction  combined  with  the  heater;  no  other  system  can  or  does  do 
this. 

It  is  the  cheapest  of  all  heating  and  ventilating  systems,  because 
it  combines  heater,  ventilating  drum,  ventilating  mat,  stove  pipe  and 
foul  air  pipe  or  duct.  Pipe  furnished  free,  6  ft.  4  ins.  from  center  of 
heater,  additional  lengths  50  cents  per  foot.  All  other  systems  re- 
quire expensive  independent  foul  air  flues  or  ducts,  either  metal,  brick 
or  stone. 


THE  SMITH  SYSTEM  CONVECTION  HEATER 

The  manufacturers  claim  the  Smith  System  as  shown  in  Figs.  C,  and 
1).  is  better  than  a  stove. 


lie-cause    it 

1.  Heats  the   whole   room   quickly. 

2.  Supplies  plenty  of  warm  fresh  air. 

3.  Removes  the  cold  foul  air. 

4.  Warms   the   floors. 

5.  Does   not   "roast"   persons  near   it. 

6.  Warms  the  persons  farthest  away. 

7.  Ts   economical  in  fuel. 

8.  Ts  much   more  pleasing  in  appear- 
ance. 

9.  Prevents  headaches,  colds  and  the 
spread  of  contagions  diseases. 

10.  Furnishes    a    healthful,    delightful 
atmosphere   in   which   to   work. 


Is  better  than  a  basement  furnace. 
Because    it 

1.  Gives    quicker    results. 

2.  Gives    better   ventilation. 

3.  Gives  more   even  distribution  of 
heat. 

4.  Will  last  longer. 

5.  Does  not  require  a  basement. 

6.  Heats  only  the  room  intended. 

7.  Is    under    better    control    by    the 
teacher. 

8.  Does  not  require  a  janitor. 

9.  Uses  50%  less  fuel. 

10.  Costs   only  a  fourth   or  half  as 
much. 


PLANS 
FOR 
RURAL  SCHOOL  BUILDINGS 

BY 

The   Division   of   Drawing  and   Designing, 
Engineering  Department, 
Clemson  College. 


be 
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Fig.  3.     Design  i. 


DESIGN  NO.  1. 

A  Model  One-Room  School  Building. 

This  is  a  good  plan  for  a  one-room  school  building  which 
can  be  erected  at  small  cost.  It  has  ample  vestibule  and 
cloak  room  is  well  lighted  and  can  be  heated  by  jacket  stove 
or  furnace.  The  windows  are  grouped  on  the  pupils'  left  and 
are  placed  high  in  the  walls,  their  tops  being  almost  6  inches 
below  the  ceiling.  This  arrangement  is  used  in  all  of  the 
designs  shown.  Fgs.  1  and  2  show  alternate  designs  for  the 
exterior  of  the  building. 


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DESIGN  NO.  2. 
A  Model  Two-Room  School  Building. 

This  building  is  well  arranged  in  every  way  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  teachers  with  their  classes  .  It  will  be 
noticed  with  what  few  changes  this  plan  can  be  gotten  from 
Design  No.  1.  This  will  allow  a  community  to  erect  a  one- 
room  building  and  as  the  community  grows  the  building  can 
be  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  a  second  room  as  shown  in 
this  design,  and  of  a  third  room  as  shown  in  Design  3. 


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Fig.  7.     Design  3. 


DESIGN  NO.  3. 
A  Model  Three-Room  School  Building. 

This  design  shows  the  completion  of  this  series  of  one, 
two  and  three  room  buildings.  The  arrangement  is  good, 
the  class  and  cloak  rooms  are  large  and  well  lighted.  The 
exterior  is  simple,  of  good  plain  lines  and  inexpensive  con- 
struction. 


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Fig.  9.     Design  4. 


DESIGN  NO.  4. 
A  Model  One-Room  School  Building. 

This  design  is  the  beginning  of  another  series  of  one, 
two  and  three-room  school  buildings.  The  arrangement  of 
rooms  is  good  and  the  exterior  is  externally  attractive.  It 
would  look  par  icularly  well  in  the  country,  especially  if  con- 
structed of  rough  stone,  which  can  be  obtained  at  small  cost 
in  so  many  parts  of  our  State. 


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DESIGN  NO.  5. 

A  Model  Two-Room  School  Building. 

By  the  addition  of  a  class  room,  with  its  teacher's  and 
cloak  room,  on  the  left  of  the  room  shown  in  Design  4,  we 
obtain  a  well  arranged  and  in  every  way  desirable  two-room 
building.  By  means  of  the  rolling  partition  the  two  rooms 
can  be  thrown  into  one,  and  if  the  seats  are  put  on  strips  they 
can  be  quickly  shifted  to  face  the  speaker. 


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Fig.  13.     Design  6. 


DESIGN  NO.  6. 
A  Model  Three-Room  School  Building. 

Extremely  neat  and  artistic,  all  well  arranged  and  well 
lighted,  this  desgn  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  shown.  Notice 
the  addition  of  the  third  room,  making  a  complete  three-room 
building. 


Fig.  15.     Design  7, 


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Fig.  1 6.     Design  7. 


DESIGN  NO.  7. 
A  Model  One-Room  School  Building. 

This  neat  one-room  building  has  many  desirable  features. 
The  class  room  is  conveniently  arranged  and  well  lighted.  The 
cloak  room  is  large  and  adjoins  the  class  room  permitting 
of  entrance  to  the  class  room,  through  the  cloak  room.  The 
teacher's  room  is  for  the  personal  use  of  the  teacher  or  for 
storage  of  supplies.  The  partition  between  the  cloak  room 
and  teachers'  room  is  only  six  feet  high.  The  work  room  is 
a  very  desirable  feature  in  all  of  these  designs,  but  it  can  be 
omitted  if  desired. 


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DESIGN  NO.  8. 

A  Model  Two-Room  School  Building. 
This  design  shows  two  class  rooms  with  many  desirable 
features.  It  has  ample  hallway,  cloak  rooms  and  teachers' 
rooms.  The  windows  in  the  front  of  the  right  hand  class 
room  should  be  covered  with  shades,  so  as  to  keep  their  light 
from  injuring  the  eyes  of  the  pupils.  This  design  is  an  en- 
largement of  number  7  obtained  by  adding  the  right  hand 
room. 


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Fig.  23.  Design  9. 


DESIGN  NO.  9. 

A  Model  Three-Room  School  Building. 
A  third  room  is  added  in  the  rear  of  those  shown  in  De- 
sign 8,  making  this  excellent  three- room  building.  The  class 
rooms  are  all  well  lighted  and  ventilated.  By  means  of  the  low 
partitions  between  the  cloak  rooms  and  teachers'  rooms  the 
cloak  rooms  have  ample  light.  The  exterior  is  plain  and  of 
good  proportion.  It  would  look  well  with  the  sides  of  the 
building  between  windows  shingled  and  stained. 


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DESIGN  NO.  10. 
A  Model  Four-Room  School  Building. 

This  is  a  most  excellent  design  for  a  four  room  school 
building.  It  is  a  perfect  example  of  bilateral  lighting,  a 
model  seating  space,  and  a  model  arrangement  of  cloak  rooms 
and  teachers'  rooms.  The  hall  is  large  and  by  means  of  the 
large  glass  doors  and  high  transoms,  it  receives  ample  light. 
The  superintendent's  office  and  library  are  well  situated  and 
of  good  size.  These  rooms  could  be  used  for  other  purposes. 
The  building  can  be  heated  by  jacket  stoves  in  each  room  as 
shown,  or  by  furnace  placed  in  the  basement. 

The  building-is  of  frame  construction  and  has  a  pleasing 
appearance.  A  second  story  containing  an  auditorium,  or 
additional  class  rooms,  could  be  added. 


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DESIGN  NO.  11. 
A  Model  Six-Room  School  Building. 

Quite  a  handsome  building  of  classic  design  is  shown. 
The  building  is  of  brick  construction,  two  stories  in  height, 
and  contains  four  class  rooms  with  teacher's  rooms  and  cloak 
rooms  on  the  first  floor,  and  an  auditorium,  library  and  two 
class  rooms  on  the  second  floor.  An  alternate  design  of  the 
second  floor  showing  a  large  auditorium  is  given.  Dressing 
rooms  are  conveniently  arranged  adjoining  the  rostum.  The 
building  is  well  lighted,  heated  and  ventilated  and  has  ample 
exits. 

It  is  not  the  intention  of  the  Clemson  authorities  to  fur- 
nish working  drawings  for  a  building  of  this  size.  They  will, 
however,  be  glad  to  advise  in  any  way  they  can.  Parties  de- 
siring to  erect  such  a  building  should  consult  a  competent 
architect. 


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Fig.  32.    Design  12. 


DESIGN  NO.  12. 

Clemson  College  has  recently  made  an  appropriation  to 
aid  the  trustees  of  this  school  district  in  the  erection  of 
a  school  building.  Design  No.  12  shows  this  building. 

It  contains  two  class  rooms  with  a  cloak  room  adjoining 
each.  The  class  rooms  are  smaller  than  those  shown  in 
the  drawing.  The  rooms  are  lighted  from  the  left,  in  one 
room  one  window  is  placed  in  the  rear,  and  are  heated  by  a 
f  rnace  installed  in  the  basement.  Hyloplate  blackboards 
are  on  all  walls  not  occupied  by  windows.  The  interior  has 
plastered  side  walls,  with  wainscoting  below  the  window 
level,  which  is  almost  3l/a  feet  above  the  floor,  and  the  over- 
head ceiling  is  of  wood.  The  rooms  are  finished  in  three 
shades  of  green.  Stain  is  used  on. interior  woodwork,  and 
paint  on  the  exterior.  The  windows  in  this  design,  as  in  all 
other  designs  shown,  are  grouped,  and  are  placed  high  in 
the  walls,  their  tops  being  near  the  ceiling. 


On  account  of  the  varying  prices  of  labor  and  material  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  State,  we  will  not  attempt  to  estimate  the  cost 
of  any  of  the  designs  shown . 


TYPICAL  SCHOOL  BUILDINGS 

IN 
SOUTH  CAROLINA 


TAYLOR  SCHOOL,  COLUMBIA,  S.  C. 

Taylor  school,  of  which  a  cut  is  published  herein,  is  the 
first  of  the  modern  school  buildings  to  be  erected  for  the 
graded  school  system  of  buildings  in  the  City  of  Columbia.  It 
is  also  the  pioneer  of  better  school  buildings  throughout  the 
State  of  South  Carolina. 

This  building  consists  of  twelve  rooms  and  an  audito- 
rium on  the  first  and  second  floors  and  in  addition  to  this  it 
has  play  rooms  for  the  two  sexes,  a  kindergarten  room,  and  a 
most  highly  modern  and  improved  system  of  sanitary  ar- 
rangements for  schools,  all  of  which  are  placed  in  the  base- 
ment of  the  building.  The  building  is  heated  by  a  warm  air 
mechanical  system,  with  automatic  heat  regulation  in  each 
room,  thus  giving  the  highest  form  of  efficiency  for  heat  and 
ventilation  in  the  building. 

The  building  is  constructed  of  brick  and  trimmed  with 
stone.  It  has  a  flat  roof  consisting  of  asphalt  and  gravel.  The 
class  rooms  are  arranged  along  the  most  modern  lines — giv- 
ing the  maximum  amount  of  light  to  each  pupil,  and  the 
rooms  are  designed  to  accommodate  from  40  to  50  pupils. Each 
class  room  has  its  individual  cloak  room  which  is  well  vent- 
ilated, is  lighted  from  the  outside,  and  these  cloak  rooms  are 
provided  wih  all  modern  utilities  such  as  cloak  and  hat  racks 
and  umbrella  stands. 

Each  class  room  has  an  individual  book  case  for  the 
teacher;  thus  none  of  the  rooms  are  encumbered  with  books, 
chalk  and  erasers,  but  all  are  required  to  be  put  away  in  the 
teacher's  case  in  the  evening.  All  doors  entering  class, 
rooms  and  cloak  rooms  are  hung  with  double  swing  hinges, 
which  :will  swing  either  way,  thus  making-  it  impossible  to 
shut  a  pupil  in  or  out  of  the  room  in  case  of  a  panic.  There 
are  no  locks  allowed  on  the  doors  of  any  of  the  rooms  of  the 
building,  except  the  outside  door.  The  outside  doors  are 
all  hung  so  as  to  swing  outward. 

The  building  is  equipped  with  bells  from  the  Superin- 


tendent's  room  to  each  of  the  teacher's  rooms,  and  with  a 
lire  alarm  system.  There  is  every  convenience  in  this 
building  for  the  handling  of  a  school  in  a  perfect  way.  The 
building  is  so  arranged  that  the  sunlight  at  some  portion  of 
the  day  penetrates  each  class  room  and  the  main  corridor  of 
the  building,  thus  insuring  the  greatest  sanitary  conditions. 
This  building  was  designed  and  its  construction  super- 
vised by  Edwards  &  Walter,  Architects,  then  of  Columbia, 
S.  C,  of  which  firm  Mr  Wm.  A.  Edwards,  631  Candler 
Building,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  is  now  the  successor. 


o 


Greeleyville  School. 


j ...       /  '/„  «xCx  !Lx/<  /_ 

£  L  n >~ ir/r   n^cn /-f 

HI'S.  .(••'".    I'ffiS 


V. 


School. 


MODEL  RURAL  SCHOOL  HOUSE. 

This  mo-lei  school  house,  of  which  a  cut  is  shown,  was  erected 
on  the  grounds  of  the  St.  Louis  Exposition.  This  cut  was  kindly 
loaned  u?  hy  Prof.  Howard  A.  Gass,  State  Supt.  of  Public  Schools 
of  Missouri. 


V? 


?i        -^ 


DARLINGTON  GRADED  SCHOOL. 

A  modest  and  inexpensive  building  erected  at  Ander- 
son, S.  C.  in  1895  was  perhaps  the  first  attempt  in  South 
Carolina  at  distinctive  school  architecture.  The  principles 
governing  the  design  of  this  building  were  followed  by  the 
same  architect  seven  years  later  in  the  graded  school  at 
Darlington,  S.  C.;  which  forms  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 
Profiting  by  a  broader  experience  and  observation  and  matur- 
er  study,  he  was  able  to  produce  here,  even  with  very  limited 
means,  a  building,  which  meets  every  practical  requirement  of 
the  modern  school,  without  sacrificing  the  architectural 
character. 

This  building,  fronting  a  broad,  smooth  plaza  and  sur- 
rounded by  magnificent  Darlington  oaks,  presents  an  aspect 
of  dignity,  repose  and  refinement,  which  impresses  everyone 
coming  within  its  influence,  qualities  which  play  no  small 
small  part  in  education.  It  is  in  a  simple,  classic  style,  which 
seems  particularly  suited  to  our  land-scape  and  climate,  and 
to  the  temperament  and  traditions  of  our  people.  It  is  in 
marked  contrast  to  the  gloomy  Tudor  and  the  factory  type, 
which  have  been  introduced  recently. 

The  building  immediately  attracted  attention  through- 
out the  State,  and  really  marked  the  beginning  of  the  pres- 
ent era  of  school  architecture  in  South  Carolina.  It  has  served 
as  a  model  for  many  of  the  more  pretentious  buildings  in 
this  and  neighboring  states,  and  its  influence  is  more  or  less 
noticeable  in  many  buildings  which  follow  other  general 
lines. 

There  is  a  well  lighted  and  dry  basement  under  the  en- 
tire building,  mostly  devoted  to  play-rooms  and  toilets ;  one 
end  for  girls  and  the  other  for  boys.  These  are  approached 
by  outside  entrances  with  ramps  for  bicycles  and  by  inside 
stairs  at  each  end. 

The  heating  and  ventilating  plant  occupies  the  central 
portion  of  1he  basement,  and  delivers,  through  ten  vertical 


brick  stacks,  a  supply  of  tempered  air  to  each  room  and  ex 
hausts  vitiated  air,  through  independent  stacks,  above  the 
roof,  changing  the  entire  volume  of  air  in  the  building  every 
fifteen  minutes.  This  is  accomplished  by  gravity  alone, 
without  the  use  of  fans  or  other  mechanical  devices.  The 
quantity  of  air  flowing  to  and  from  tne  rooms  remains  always 
constant,  but  the  temperature  is  controlled  by  hand  from  each 
room,  by  mixing  dampers,  by  whicn  cold  and  tempered  air 
are  mixed  in  any  desired  proportion. 

The  first  floor  contains  a  double  office  for  the  superin- 
tendent, a  library,  four  class  rooms,  and  an  auditorium.  The 
second  floor  contains  six  class  rooms  and  a  gallery  to  the 
auditorium.  All  the  class  rooms  are  of  standard  size  for 
iifty  puoiis  and  have  slate  black-boards  on  two  sides.  Each 
class  room  has  its  independent  cloak  room  with  outside  light 
and  ventilation. 

The  class  rooms  are  lighted  from  the  left  of  the  pupils, 
and  the  corner  rooms  ^also  from  the  back,  with  a  glass  area, 
in  no  case,  less  than  one-fifth  of  the  iloor  area.  The  win- 
dows finish  six  inches  below  the  ceiling,  so  as  to  insure  a 
sufficient  light  on  the  remotest  desk,  which  is  distant  not 
more  than  one  and  a  half  times  the  height  of  the  window. 

The  auditorium  is  of  sufficient  size  to  assemble  the  en- 
tire school  on.  the  first  floor,  and  there  is  a  seating  capacity  in 
the  gallery  for  visitors. 

There  is  a  broad  corridor  from  one  end  of  the  building  to 
the  other,  with  a  cross  corridor  from  front  entrance  to 
auditorium. 

The  stairs  are  placed  entirely  outside  the  body  of  the 
building,  and  are  cut  off  from  it  by  brick  walls,  thus  reduc- 
ing the  noise  as  well  as  the  fire  hazard:  They  are  of  slow 
burning  construction. 

The  building  was  designed  by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Wilson, 
now  of  the  firm  of  Wilson  &  Sompayrac,  Columbia,  S.  C. 

The  cost  was  $22,000.00,  but  could  probabh  not  be 
duplicated  now  for  much  less  than  $40,000.00. 


Greeleyville  School,  Greeleyville,  S.  C. 
The  plans  for  this  modern  school  building  were  furnished 
by  Messrs.  Shaw  &  Lafaye.  Engineers  and  Architects,  Colum- 
bia, S.  C. 


RVILDIN 


ANDERSON 


*        V 1 


FIR/T  FLOOD  PLAN 


Shandon  School. 


Shandon  Schoo] 


SHANDON  GRADED  SCHOOL,  COLUMBIA.  S,  C 

This  cut  shows  an  ornate,  yet  inexpensive  building. 
The  floor  plans  show  a  typical  arrangement  of  a  model 
six  class  room  school  building,  a  number  of  which  type 
have  been  erected  by  the  architects,  Messrs.  Sayre  & 
Baldwin,  of  Anderson,  S.  C. 

There  are  three  entrances  to  the  first  story  of  the  build- 
ing. The  main  front  entrance  is  through  a  large  pjrtLo 
into  a  wide  corridor  which  intersects  with  a  cross  corridor 
leading  to  the  side  entrances.  The  wide  double  doors  to 
all  the  entrances  are  made  to  open  outward  to  allow  free 
exit  in  case  of  panic ;  but  the  class  room  doors,  which 
are  of  sufficient  width  to  allow  pupils. to  march  out  two 
abreast,  open  inward,  so  that  the  teachers  may  control 
the  egress  of  classes,  and  thereby  prevent  congestion  in 
the  corridors.  The  landing  of  the  side  entrances,  being 
below  the  first  floor,  enables  the  pupils,  during  recess,  to 
reach  the  toilet  rooms  in  the  basement  by  going  down  only 
a  few  steps.  All  of  the  six  class  rooms  are  corner  rooms, 
allowing  the  seats  to  be  so  arranged  that  light  comes  only 
from  the  left  and  the  rear  of  the  pupils.  Natural  venti- 
lation is  secured  where  mechanical  ventilation  is  not  used, 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  for  each  class  room  there  is  pro- 
vided a  seperate  cloak  room  so  arranged  that  the  pupils 
may  go  through  the  cloak  room  into  the  class  room,  or 
directly  into  the  class  room.  The  cloak  rooms  are  pro- 
vided with  ample  clothes  hooks  and  lunch  shelf. 

In  the  cross  corridors,  two  wide,  commodious  flights 
of  stairs  lead  from  the  center  of  the  first  floor,  through 
side  entrances,  into  the  auditorium — a  unique  feature  of 
the  building.  This  auditorium,  occupying  all  of  the  sec- 
ond floor  except  the  space  taken  by  two  class  rooms,  is  of 
such  shape  as  to  secure  the  best  acoustic  properties,  and 
is  so  arranged  as  to  give  an  unobstructed  view  of  the 
stage  from  every  seat.  The  private  passage  in  the  rear  of 


he  /stg^;»  Ijhcou^lx  two  dressing  rooms,  which  are  also 
usecT  for'  "cloak"  "fdoftitf,*  makes  a  very  convenient  arrange- 
ment for  the  entertainments  which  are  frequently  held  at 
these  schools. 

In  the  basement,  which  it  not  shown,  the  toilet  rooms 
are  placed  at  each  end  with  the  furnace  *or  boiler  room  in 
the  center.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  stair  arrangement 
gives  an  easy  exit  from  the  auditorium,  and  also  privacy 
to  the  sexes  in  going  to  or  from  the  toilet -rooms. 

The  first  story  height  is- twelve  feet,  and  the  second 
story  height,  on  account  of  the  auditorium,  is  made  fifteen 
feet. 

The  light  area  of  each  class  room  is  one-fifth  of  the 
floor  area. 

The  air  in  the  class  rooms,  where  mechanical  ventila- 
tion is  used, -is  changed  from  three  to- four  times  per  hour. 

The  building  is  of  brick  exterior  -  with  plastered  'frame 
walls  and  ceilings  on  interior. 

Deadening  or  soundproof  paper  is  u?ed  between  the 
floors  to  prevent  sound  from  passing-  tf mom  one  room  u» 
another. 


" 


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SI 


HIGH   SCHOOL   AT   ABBEVILLE,    S.    C. 

This  building  is  of  red  brick  of  rather  a  rough  tex- 
ture, laid  in  red  mortar,  the  joints  are  wide,  being  5-8",  and 
the  mortar  is  a  shade  darker  than  the  brick;  window  sills 
and  belt  course,  key  stones,  and  all  trimmings  are  of  cast 
concrete. 

All  wood  work  is  painted  white  and  all  metal  is  painted 
with  black  metallic  paint. 

The  building  contains  seven  class  rooms  and  a  lecture 
room,  six  of  the  rooms  are  capable  of  seating  30  pupils,  al 
lowing  for  aisles  around  all  sides  of  the  room  and  between 
desks,  using  single  desks;  one  of  these  rooms  has  a  seating 
capacity  of  only  20  pupils  under  th»*  same  conditions.  The 
lecture  room  will  seat  200  pupils. 

All  blackboards  are  slate  and  there  are  160  square  feet  of 
blackboard  to  each  room ;  in  the  lecture  room  this  amount  is 
doubled. 

The  toilets  which  are  situated  in  the  basement,  are  well 
ventilated  and  lighted.  In  the  girls'  toilet  the  closets  are  of 
the  low-down-type,  with  enameled  steel  flush  tanks,  and 
enameled  iron  bowls.  The  boys  closets  are  "Standard" 
automatic  enameled  iron,  low-down  combinations,  with  "Os- 
born"  improved  automatic  valves.  The  urinal  is  of 
slate  and  has  five  stalls.  These  closets  are  reached  from 
separate  portions  of  the  building,  lending  privacy. 

Heating  is  by  mechanical  draft  heated  air,  the  air  being 
heated  by  means  of  three  Peck-Hammond  horizontal  furnaces. 
The  fresh  air  is  supplied  through  a  motor  driven  fan,  at  the 
rate  of  four  complete  changes  of  fresh  air  per  hour,  the  foul 
air  being  discharged  through  ducts  running  to  the  attic  and 
thence  through  the  dome  to  the  outer  air. 

Plans  and  specifications  were  prepared  and  the  build- 
ing erected  under  supervision  of  F.  H.  &  J.  G.  Cunningham, 
Architects  and  Engineers,  Greenville,  S.  C. 

The  cost  of  the  building  was  $17,784.38. 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL— DESIGN  NO.  1. 
Elevation,  Fig.  2. 


8  Pieces  4  by  10 — 17 — Sills. 
4        "      4   by   10—12— 
48        "      2   by      6 — 14 — Ceiling  joists. 
48        "      2   by   10 — 12 — Floor  joists. 
40        "      2   by     4 — 16 — Rafters. 
140        "      2   by      4 — 13 — Studding. 

4        "      4   by      6 — 13 — Corner  studding. 
800        "      1"   Boards   for  sub-floor. 

600        "      1   by  3  Sheathing  for  roof  and  bridging. 
7000   Shingles  No.  1. 
240  Yards  plastering. 

1800   Ft.  Ceiling  for  overhead  and  wainscot. 
1000    "  Flooring. 

11  Window  frames  12  by  20 — 12  lights. 
11   Pair  sash,  12  by  20 — 12  lights,  weights  and  cords. 
1   Outside  door  frame  2-10  by  6-10. 

1  Inside  door  frame  2' — 8"  by  6' — 8"  for  closet. 

3  Inside  door  frames  2-10  by  6-10. 

4  Doers  2-10  by  6-10 — 1  3-8". 
1  Door  2' — 8"  by  6-8' — 1  3-8". 

200   Lin.  ft.  wainscot — cap  and  base. 

110  Square  ft.  Blackboard.   4   feet  wide. 

130   Lin.  ft.  mould  for  boards. 

225  Lin.  ft.  2%"  Bed  moulding  for  angles. 
1700   Ft.  Siding. 

8   Pieces  5-4  by  5" — 13'  corner  stiles. 

140  Lin.  ft.  Boxing,  3  members. 
4000   Brick. 

7  Barrels  of  lime  for  brick  work. 

2  Columns     8" — 9'. 

2   Half  Columns,  8" — 9,. 

20  Lin.  ft.  Balusters  and  rails,  stick  balusters. 
4   Pieces  5-4  by  12" — 5'  for  steps,  D.  4  S. 
4       "       7-8  by  7" — 5'  for  steps,  D.  4  S. 

4  Gallons  oil. 
10  Gallons  paint. 

5  Fair  4  by  4  Butts  for  doors. 
5  Locks. 

8  Kegs  nails. 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL — DESIGN  NO.   4. 


7  pieces  8  by  8 — 17 — Sills. 

7       "      6  by  8 — 17 — Sills. 

7       »      6  by  8 — 13 — Sills. 

3       "      6  by  8 — 10 — Sills. 
48       "      2  by  10 — 13 — Floor  joists. 
10       "       2  by  10 — 9 — Floor  joists. 
10       "      2  by  10 — 9  Floor  joists,  Porch. 
21       "       2  by  10 — 26 — Ceiling  joists. 

7  "      2  by  6 — 14 — Floor  joists,  Room. 
10       "       2  by  6 — 10 — Ceiling  joists,  Porch. 
32       "      2  by  6 — 19' — Rafters. 

18       "     2  by  6 — 14^ — Ceiling  over  room  and  porch. 
18000  Shingles. 

900  ft.  B.  M.  1  by  3  Sheathing. 
1100  ft.  Siding. 

14  pcs.  1  1-4  by  5 — 7'  Corner  stile 
1250  ft.  7-8  by  3  1-4  flooring  "B." 
1250  ft.  5-8  by  3  1-4  ceiling  "B." 
195  lin.  ft.  Inside  Base  (3  members). 
160  lin.  ft.  O.  S.  Water  Table. 
160  lin.  ft.  4"  Shingle  Mould  for  Rafter  ends. 
160  lin.  ft.  7-8  by  5  facia  boards. 

8  prs.  sash  12  by  20 — 12  lights,  weight  and  cord. 

8  Window  frames  12  by  20 — 12  lights  with  inside  trim. 
3  pr.  sash  12  by  20 — 6  lights,  weights  and  cord. 

3  Window  frames  12  by  20 — 6  lights  with  inside  trim. 

4  doors  3  by  7 — O.  G.  5  pan.  1  3-8. 

3  Inside  door  frames  3  by  7  with  trim. 
1  Outside  door  frame  3  by  7  with  trim. 

4  prs.  1  1-4  by  12  D.  S.  6  ft.  for  steps. 
4  prs.  7-8  by  8  D.  S.  6  ft.  for  steps. 

7  Brackets  for  front  porch. 
4000  plastering  laths. 

14  bbls.  lime. 
350  Brick. 
3500  kegs  nails. 

7  door  locks. 
7  pr.  door  hinges. 
250  BQ.  ft.  Hyloplate  boards  (48"  high.) 

9  gallons  paint. 
3  gallons  oil. 

15  gallons  Shingle  stain  for  base. 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL — DESIGN  NO.  5. 


6   PCS.  6  by  8— 17— S11I8. 

t     "      6  by  8 — 13 —  " 
6     »      6  by  8 — 16 —  " 

2  "      6   by  8—10—  "      Porch. 

3  "      6   by   8 — 15 —  " 

90      "      2   by   10 — 13 — Floor  joist. 
90      "      2   by   8 — 28 — Ceiling  joist. 
60     "      2   by  6 — 18 — Rafters. 
280      "      2   by   4 — 12 — Studding. 

6      "     4  by  6 — 12 — Corner  post. 
30     "      2   by  4 — 16 — Plates. 
1500   ft.  B.  M.  1  by  3  Sheathing. 
24000  Shingles. 
1200  ft.  Siding. 

16   PCS  5-4  by  5  1-2 — 7  Corner  stile. 

8  Brackets  on  porch. 

1  Piece  5-4  by  12 — 17'  for  steps. 

2  Pieces  5-4  by  12 — 12'  for  steps. 

1  Piece  7-8  by  8 — 17  for  steps. 

2  Pieces  7-8  by  8 — 12  for  steps. 
15  Pr.  12  by  20 — 12  It.  Sash. 

15  Window  frames,  12  by  20 — 12  It.,  with  inside  trim. 

6   Pr.  Sash  12  by  20 — 6  lights. 

6  Window  frames  12  by  20 — 6  lights  with  inside  trim. 

6  Doors,  2-10  by  6-10  O.  G.  5  pan. 

6  Inside  door  frames  2-10  by  6-10  with  trim. 

2   Doors  3  by  7 — O.  G.  5  Par. 

2   O.  S.  Door  frames  3  by  7,  with  inside  trim. 
2400   ft.  7-8  by  3  1-4  flooring,  "B". 
2400   ft.  5-8  by  3  1-4  Ceiling  "B". 

19   Lin.  ft.  Rolling  partition  9'  high. 
7500   Plastering  laths. 

24  Barrels  lime. 
5500  Brick. 

12  Gals,  paint. 

25  Gals,  shingle  stain  for  base. 
3   Gals.   oil. 

9  Kegs  nails. 
8  Door  locks. 

8   Pr.  door  hinges. 

285   Sq.  ft.  Hyloplate  board  (48"  high.) 
360  Lin.  ft.  inside  base,  3  members. 
170  Lin.  ft.  4"  Shingle  mould. 
170  Lin.  ft.  7-8  by  6  facia  board  for  rafter  ends. 
180  Lin.  ft.  3"  O.  S.  water  table. 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL,  DESIGN  NO.  6. 


19  Pieces  6  by  8 — 13 — Sill. 
8        "      6  by  8 — 16 —    " 
4        "      6  by  8 — 17 —    " 

1  "      6  by  8—10 —    " 

2  "      6  by  8—15 —    " 

138        "      2  by  10 — 13 — Floor  Joists. 
120        "      2  by  10 — 25 — Ceiling  Joists. 

10        "      4  by  6 — 12  Corner  Posts. 
325        "      2  by  4 — 12 — Studding. 
45        "      2  by  4 — 16 — Plates. 
55        "      2  by  6 — 20 — Rafters. 
25        "     2  by  6 — 15 — Rafters. 
3000'  1  by  3  B.  M.  Sheathing. 
42000   Shingles. 
2100'  Siding. 

300  Lin.  ft,  3",  Water  Table. 
300  Lin.  ft  4"  Shingle  Mould. 

300  Lin.  ft.  3-4"  by  5"  facia  board  for  Rafter  ends. 
2  prs.  1  1-4"  by  12" — 18'  steps. 
2  prs.  1  1-4"  by  12" — 16'  steps. 
2  prs.  3-4"  by  8" — 18  steps. 
2  prs.  3-4"  by  8"— 16'  steps. 
3500'   7-8"  by  3  1-4" — "B"  Flooring. 
3500'   5-P"  by  1-4" — "B"  Ceiling. 
390  Lin.  ft.  Inside  Base  (3  members.) 

6  Outside  door  frames,  3  by  7  with  inside  trim. 

7  Inside  door  frames,  3  by  7  with  inside  trim. 
13  doors,  3  by  7 — 1  3-8  O.  G.  5  panel. 

23  prs.  sash,  12  by  20 — 12  lights  with  weights  and  cord. 

4  prs.  sash,  12  by  20 — 6  lights  with  weights  and  cord. 
1  Rolling  Partition,  18'  long  and  9'  high. 

9000  Plastering  laths. 

60  bbls.  of  Lime. 
8000  Brick. 

720   sq.  ft.  Hyloplate  Blackboards  (48"  high.) 
18  gallons  of  paint. 

5  gallons  of  oil. 

30  gallons  of  shingle  stain  for  base. 

12  Kegs  Nails. 

13  Locks  for  doors. 
13  prs.  4  by  4  ninges. 

16  prs.  1  1-4"  by  5  1-2 — 8'  Corner  stile. 
300  Lin.  ft.  3-4"  quarter  round. 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL — DESIGN  NO. 


12   PCS.   6   by     8 — 17 — Sills. 
12      "      6   by      8 — 13 —     " 
2      "      6   by      8 —  9 —     " 
75      "      2   by   10 — 13 — Floor  joist. 
24      "      2   by   10 —  9 —     "      "        hall. 
75      "      2   by      8 — 27 — Ceiling  joist. 

24  "      2   by      6 — 9—  "        Hall. 
40      "      2   by      6 — 25 — Rafters. 

1600  Ft.  B.  M.  1  by  3 — Sheathing. 
11800  Shingles. 

10   PCS.   4   by   6 — 12 — Cor.  post. 
300      "      2   by4 — 12 — Studding. 
42      "      2   by  4 — 16 — Plates. 
275   Lin.  ft.  Cornice. 

250      "        "      1  by  10  D.  S.  Outside  base. 
250      "        "     3"  Water  table. 
2800  ft.  Siding. 

12  PCS.  5-4  by  5  1-2'  D.  S.  Corner  stiles. 
3150   ft.   B.   M.    7-8   Flooring. 

3150     "     "      "      5-8   Ceiling. 

14   PCS.   5-4   by  12 — D.  S — 8'  for  steps. 

14  "    7-8  by  7  1-2  D.  S. — 8" —  for  steps. 
2   Columns  8"  by  8'  with  cap  and  base. 

2,  Columns  6"  by  5*-6"  with  cap  and  base. 

25  juin.  ft.  Baluster  and  rail,  square  pickets — 1  1-8  by  1  1- 
21   Pr.  12  by  20 — 12  lights,  Sash. 

21  Window  frames,  12  by  20 — 12  lights  with  inside  trim. 
2  Side  lights  for  front  doors. 
5  Door  frames,  3  by  7,  with  24"  transom. 
5   Door  frames,  with  24"  transom. 
8   Doors,  3  by  7 — O.  G.  5  panel. 
8  Inside  door  frames  3  by  7  with  trim. 
180  Square  feet  Hyloplate  black  boards.      (48"  high.) 
8500   Plastering  laths. 

40   Barrels  lime. 
4500  Brick. 

400   Lin.  ft.  inside  base,   3  members. 
300   Lin.  ft.  3-4  quarter  round. 

15  Gals.   Paint. 
4   Gals.  Oil. 

10   Kegs  nails. 

13  Pr.  hinges. 
13  Door  locks. 


OF  MATERIAL—DESIGN  NO.  ». 


I 


18  pieces  6  by  8 — 14  Sills. 

13       "      6  by  8 — 13  Sills. 
104       "      2  by  10—13  Floor  Joists. 

30       "     2  by  10  Floor  Joists,  Hall. 

82       "      2  by  10 — 27  Ceiling  Joists. 
130       "      2  by  6 — 10  Ceiling  Joists,  Hall. 

16       "      2  by  6 — 14  Ceiling  Joists,  Work  Room. 
130       "      2  by  6 — 19  Rafters. 

20       "      2  by  6—16  Rafters. 
380       "      2  by  4—12  Studding. 

12       "     2  by  6—12  Corner  Studding. 

40       "      2  by  4—16  Plates. 
4000'  Siding  "B". 
4800'  7-8  by  3  1-4  Flooring  "B". 
8800'  5-8  by  3  1-4  Ceiling  "B". 
450  Lin.  ft.  Inside  Base  (3  members). 
320  Lin.  ft.  Cornice. 
320  Lin  ft.  O.  S.  Base  1  by  10  D.  S. 
320  Lin.  ft.  3"  Water  Table. 

12  pcs.  1  1-4  by  5  1-2  Corner  stile. 
2  8"  Cols.  8'  Cap  and  Base. 

26"  Cols.  6'  Cap  and  Base. 
15  pcs.  1  1-4  by  12—8'  Steps. 

15  pcs.  7-8  by  8 — 8'  Steps. 

28  lin.  ft.  Porch  Balusters  sq.  pickets. 
3000  Plastering  laths. 
4000  Brick. 

16  bbls.  lime. 

404  sq.  ft.  Hyloplate   Board  (48"  high.) 

2  Doors  3  by  7 — 1  3-4  Glazed. 

3  sets  side  lights. 

1  Transom  36  by  24". 

1  Front  door  frame — 3   by   7 — with   24"  transom  and  side 
lights. 

2  Doors  3  by  7 — Glazed,  1  3-4,  with  24"  transom. 

2  door  frames  3  by  7  with  24"  transom. 

3  Inside  door  frames  3  by  7  with  inside  trim. 
3  Doors  3  by  7 — O.  G.  5  panels. 

11  Doors  2'  10"  by  6'10" — O.  G.  5  pan. 
11  Inside  door  frames  2-10"  by  6-10"  with  trim. 
30  prs.  sash  12  by  20 — 12  lights  1  3-8  with  weights  and  cord. 
30  Window  frames  12  by  20 — 12  1'ghts  with  inside  trim. 
11  Kegs  nails. 
3  Front  door  locks. 

13  Inside  door  locks. 
16  pr.  4  by  4  hinges. 
SO  Gallons  paint. 

8  gallons  oil. 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL— DESIGN  NO.  10. 


24  pieces  6  by  8 — 17  Sills. 
16       "       6  by  8 — 13      " 
3       "       6  by  8—12     "     Hall 
120       "      2  by  10 — 13  Floor  Joists. 
55       "      2  by  10—12       "          "          Hall. 
120       "        2  by  10 — 28  Ceiling  Joists. 
55       "      2  by  6—12 
90       "      2  by  10 — 32  Rafters. 
20       "      2  by  8 — 22  Rafters. 
16       "      4  by  6 — 12  Corner  Posts. 
500       "       2x4 — 12  Studding. 
60       "      2  by  4 — 16  Plates. 
36000  Shingles. 
2200'  B.  M.  1  by  3  Sheatbing. 
4800'  Siding. 

32  prs.  1  1-4  by  5  1-2—13     Corner  stile. 
330  Lin.  ft.  4"  Water  table. 
330  Lin.  ft  Cornice. 
5000'  7-8  by  3  1-4  Flooring  "B". 
5000'  5-8  by  3  1-4  Ceiling  "B". 

8000  Lin.  ft.  Inside  base  (3  members). 
14000  Plastering  Laths. 

70  bbls.      Lime. 
15000  Brick. 

1  pc.  1  1-4  by  12 — 18  steps. 
1  pc.  1  1-4  by  12 — 17  steps. 
1  pc.  1  1-4  by  12 — 16  steps. 
1  pc.  1  1-4  by  12 — 15  steps. 
6  pc.  1  1-4  by  12 — 12  steps. 
1  pc.  7-8  by  8 — 18  steps. 
1  pc  7-8  by  8 — 17  steps. 
1  pc.  7-8  by  8 — 16  steps. 

1  pc.  7-8  by  8 — 15  steps. 
6  pc  7-8  by  8 — 12  steps. 

2  pr.  Doors — Glazed  7-8. 
2  Transoms  7  by  2. 

2  O.  S.  door  frames  7  by  8 — witn  24"  Transom. 

2  Doors  2-8  by  6-8  O.  G.  5  panel. 

5  Inside  door  frames  2-8  by  6-8  with  inside  trim. 
10  Doors  3  by  7 — O.  G.  5  panel. 
10  Inside  door  frames  with  trim.     3  by  7. 
24  pr.  sash  12  by  20 — 12  lights,  weights  and  cords. 
24  Window  frames  12  by  20 — 12  n?nts,  with  inside  trim. 
300  Lin.  ft.  3-4  qr.  Round. 
1040  sq.  ft.  Hyloplatc    blackboard  (48"  high.) 
15  Kegs  nails. 


2  front  door  locks,  double  doors. 
18  Inside  door  locks. 
24  pr.  hinges  4  by  4. 
38  gallons  paint. 
10  gallons  oil. 


BILL  OF  MATERIAL — DESIGN  NO.   12. 


8   Pieces  4  by  10— 11— Sills. 

6        "      4   by   10 — 17 — 
38        "      2   by  10 — 20 — Floor  joists. 
19        "      2  by  10 —  8 — Floor  joists,  hall. 
38        "      2  by     8 — 20 — Ceiling  joists. 

19  "      2   by     6 —  8 — Ceiling  joists,  hall. 
50        "     2  by     4 — 16 — Rafters. 

170        "      2  by     4 — 13 — Studs. 

8        "      4  by     6 — 13 — Corner  post. 

900   Feet  1  by  3  Sheathing  and  bridging. 
1100       "    1"  Boards  for  sub-floor. 
1300       "    Flooring. 
2300       "    Ceiling  for  overhead  and  wainscot. 

280   Lin.  Feet  wainscot,  cap  and  base. 

280  Lin.  ft.  Bed  mould  for  angles.  (2  1-2") 
8   Pieces  5-4  by  5" — 13,  corner  boards. 

160  Lin.  ft.  boxing,  3  members. 

160        "        "        1  by  10 — D  4.  S.  for  outside  base. 

160      "      "     Base  cap  for  outside  base. 

350  Yds.  Plastering. 
2000  Ft.  siding. 

1  Outside  door  frame  2 — 10  by  6 — 10. 

1  "          "      2—10  by  6—10  by  1  3-4". 
5   Inside  door  frames  2 — 10  by  6 — 10. 

5  Inside  doors,  2-10  by  6-10  by  1  3-8. 

16  Window  frames,  12  by  20 — 12    lights. 

16   Pair  sash,  12  by  20 — 12  lights,  weights  and  cords. 
200   Square  feet  Blackboard  4  feet  wide. 
120  Lin.  ft.  mould  for  boards. 
5500  Brick. 

11   Barrels  lime  for  brick  work. 

2  Columns  8" — 9'. 

2   1-2"  Columns,  8"— 9'. 

20  Lin.  ft.  Balusters  and  rails. 

4   Pieces  5-4  by  12"  by  5'  for  steps. 
4  Pieces  7-8  by  8"  by  5'  for  steps. 

6  Pieces  4  by  4  Butts  for  doors. 
11  Kegs  of  nails. 

16   Gallons  of  paint. 
6          "         "     oil. 
13000  Shingles. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 


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College,  1906-1907. 
rdening.  By  C.  C.  Newman, 
in  South  Carolina.  By  M.  Ray 

Rural  Home.  By  J.  S.  Newman, 
[ing.  By  D.  E.  Earle. 
>f  Clemson  College,  1907-1908. 
>r  the  Fa'rm.  By  S.  B.  Earle. 
Spraying  With  Lime  Sulphur  Wash  as 
'ontrolling  San  Jose  Scale.  By  A.  F.  Con- 
A.  Thomas. 

talogue  of  Clemson  College,  1908-1909. 
'oultry  Raising.  By  M.  L.  Donaldson. 
No.  4.     Hog  Raising  in  South    Carolina.     By    Senator 

B.  R.  Tillman. 

Vol.  VI.  No.  1.     The  Chief  Sources  of  the  Three  Essent- 
ial Ingredients    of    Commercial    Fertilizers,    Nitrogen, 
Phosphoric  Acid  and  Potash.  By  Dr.  R.  N.  Brackett. 
No.  2.     Catalogue  of  Clemson  College,  1909-1910. 
No.  3.     Rural  School  Improvement.  By  R.  E.  Lee. 
*Out  of  Print. 


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